Did Rome Rebuild Yahrushalam as a Roman City and Give It a Roman Name?

Period: after the Bar Kokhba revolt (~130s CE) · Emperor: Hadrian · Roman name: Aelia Capitolina · Witnesses: Cassius Dio, Eusebius; + coins/archaeology

What the ancient record says

After another devastating revolt, Yahrushalam was rebuilt as a Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina, "Aelia" from Hadrian's family name Aelius, "Capitolina" connecting it with Rome's Capitoline religious world; a new Roman colonial name, not a Latin translation. Cassius Dio (Roman History Book 69): Hadrian founded a new city on the site, named it Aelia Capitolina, connected the project with a sanctuary to Jupiter, and connected these developments with the outbreak of the revolt.

Eusebius (Ecclesiastical History 4.6): the city was colonized by another population and the Roman city was called Aelia after Aelius Hadrian. The name change matters: names signal authority; Yahrushalam was incorporated into Roman imperial geography.

The ancient name survived in memory, but the official colonial city bore Aelia Capitolina. Distinct from Titus's 70 CE destruction, Hadrian's transformation follows the later Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–135 CE.